django-patterns

name django-patterns description DRF ile Django mimari desenleri, REST API tasarımı, ORM en iyi uygulamaları, caching, signal'ler, middleware ve production-grade Django uygulamaları. origin ECC Django Geliştirme Desenleri Ölçeklenebilir, bakımı kolay uygulamalar için production-grade Django mimari desenleri. Ne Zaman Etkinleştirmeli Django web uygulamaları oluştururken Django REST Framework API'leri tasarlarken Django ORM ve modeller ile çalışırken Django proje yapısını kurarken Caching, signal'ler, middleware implement ederken Proje Yapısı Önerilen Düzen myproject/ ├── config/ │ ├── __init__.py │ ├── settings/ │ │ ├── __init__.py │ │ ├── base.py # Base ayarlar │ │ ├── development.py # Dev ayarları │ │ ├── production.py # Production ayarları │ │ └── test.py # Test ayarları │ ├── urls.py │ ├── wsgi.py │ └── asgi.py ├── manage.py └── apps/ ├── __init__.py ├── users/ │ ├── __init__.py │ ├── models.py │ ├── views.py │ ├── serializers.py │ ├── urls.py │ ├── permissions.py │ ├── filters.py │ ├── services.py │ └── tests/ └── products/ └── ... Split Settings Deseni # config/settings/base.py from pathlib import Path BASE_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent.parent SECRET_KEY = env( 'DJANGO_SECRET_KEY' ) DEBUG = False ALLOWED_HOSTS = [] INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'django.contrib.admin' , 'django.contrib.auth' , 'django.contrib.contenttypes' , 'django.contrib.sessions' , 'django.contrib.messages' , 'django.contrib.staticfiles' , 'rest_framework' , 'rest_framework.authtoken' , 'corsheaders' , # Local apps 'apps.users' , 'apps.products' , ] MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware' , 'whitenoise.middleware.WhiteNoiseMiddleware' , 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware' , 'corsheaders.middleware.CorsMiddleware' , 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware' , 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware' , 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware' , 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware' , 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware' , ] ROOT_URLCONF = 'config.urls' WSGI_APPLICATION = 'config.wsgi.application' DATABASES = { 'default' : { 'ENGINE' : 'django.db.backends.postgresql' , 'NAME' : env( 'DB_NAME' ), 'USER' : env( 'DB_USER' ), 'PASSWORD' : env( 'DB_PASSWORD' ), 'HOST' : env( 'DB_HOST' ), 'PORT' : env( 'DB_PORT' , default= '5432' ), } } # config/settings/development.py from .base import * DEBUG = True ALLOWED_HOSTS = [ 'localhost' , '127.0.0.1' ] DATABASES[ 'default' ][ 'NAME' ] = 'myproject_dev' INSTALLED_APPS += [ 'debug_toolbar' ] MIDDLEWARE += [ 'debug_toolbar.middleware.DebugToolbarMiddleware' ] EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend' # config/settings/production.py from .base import * DEBUG = False ALLOWED_HOSTS = env. list ( 'ALLOWED_HOSTS' ) SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = True SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = True CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE = True SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS = 31536000 SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS = True SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD = True # Logging LOGGING = { 'version' : 1 , 'disable_existing_loggers' : False , 'handlers' : { 'file' : { 'level' : 'WARNING' , 'class' : 'logging.FileHandler' , 'filename' : '/var/log/django/django.log' , }, }, 'loggers' : { 'django' : { 'handlers' : [ 'file' ], 'level' : 'WARNING' , 'propagate' : True , }, }, } Model Tasarım Desenleri Model En İyi Uygulamaları from django.db import models from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser from django.core.validators import MinValueValidator, MaxValueValidator class User ( AbstractUser ): """AbstractUser'ı extend eden özel kullanıcı modeli.""" email = models.EmailField(unique= True ) phone = models.CharField(max_length= 20 , blank= True ) birth_date = models.DateField(null= True , blank= True ) USERNAME_FIELD = 'email' REQUIRED_FIELDS = [ 'username' ] class Meta : db_table = 'users' verbose_name = 'user' verbose_name_plural = 'users' ordering = [ '-date_joined' ] def __str__ ( self ): return self .email def get_full_name ( self ): return f" {self.first_name} {self.last_name} " .strip() class Product (models.Model): """Uygun alan yapılandırması ile Product modeli.""" name = models.CharField(max_length= 200 ) slug = models.SlugField(unique= True , max_length= 250 ) description = models.TextField(blank= True ) price = models.DecimalField( max_digits= 10 , decimal_places= 2 , validators=[MinValueValidator( 0 )] ) stock = models.PositiveIntegerField(default= 0 ) is_active = models.BooleanField(default= True ) category = models.ForeignKey( 'Category' , on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name= 'products' ) tags = models.ManyToManyField( 'Tag' , blank= True , related_name= 'products' ) created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add= True ) updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now= True ) class Meta : db_table = 'products' ordering = [ '-created_at' ] indexes = [ models.Index(fields=[ 'slug' ]), models.Index(fields=[ '-created_at' ]), models.Index(fields=[ 'category' , 'is_active' ]), ] constraints = [ models.CheckConstraint( check=models.Q(price__gte= 0 ), name= 'price_non_negative' ) ] def __str__ ( self ): return self .name def save ( self, *args, **kwargs ): if not self .slug: self .slug = slugify( self .name) super ().save(*args, **kwargs) QuerySet En İyi Uygulamaları from django.db import models class ProductQuerySet (models.QuerySet): """Product modeli için özel QuerySet.""" def active ( self ): """Sadece aktif ürünleri döndür.""" return self . filter (is_active= True ) def with_category ( self ): """N+1 sorgularını önlemek için ilişkili kategoriyi seç.""" return self .select_related( 'category' ) def with_tags ( self ): """Many-to-many ilişkisi için tag'leri prefetch et.""" return self .prefetch_related( 'tags' ) def in_stock ( self ): """Stok > 0 olan ürünleri döndür.""" return self . filter (stock__gt= 0 ) def search ( self, query ): """İsim veya açıklamaya göre ürünleri ara.""" return self . filter ( models.Q(name__icontains=query) | models.Q(description__icontains=query) ) class Product (models.Model): # ... alanlar ... objects = ProductQuerySet.as_manager() # Özel QuerySet kullan # Kullanım Product.objects.active().with_category().in_stock() Manager Metodları class ProductManager (models.Manager): """Karmaşık sorgular için özel manager.""" def get_or_none ( self, **kwargs ): """DoesNotExist yerine nesne veya None döndür.""" try : return self .get(**kwargs) except self .model.DoesNotExist: return None def create_with_tags ( self, name, price, tag_names ): """İlişkili tag'lerle ürün oluştur.""" product = self .create(name=name, price=price) tags = [Tag.objects.get_or_create(name=name)[ 0 ] for name in tag_names] product.tags. set (tags) return product def bulk_update_stock ( self, product_ids, quantity ): """Birden fazla ürün için toplu stok güncellemesi.""" return self . filter (id__in=product_ids).update(stock=quantity) # Model'de class Product (models.Model): # ... alanlar ... custom = ProductManager() Django REST Framework Desenleri Serializer Desenleri from rest_framework import serializers from django.contrib.auth.password_validation import validate_password from .models import Product, User class ProductSerializer (serializers.ModelSerializer): """Product modeli için serializer.""" category_name = serializers.CharField(source= 'category.name' , read_only= True ) average_rating = serializers.FloatField(read_only= True ) discount_price = serializers.SerializerMethodField() class Meta : model = Product fields = [ 'id' , 'name' , 'slug' , 'description' , 'price' , 'discount_price' , 'stock' , 'category_name' , 'average_rating' , 'created_at' ] read_only_fields = [ 'id' , 'slug' , 'created_at' ] def get_discount_price ( self, obj ): """Uygulanabilirse indirimli fiyatı hesapla.""" if hasattr (obj, 'discount' ) and obj.discount: return obj.price * ( 1 - obj.discount.percent / 100 ) return obj.price def validate_price ( self, value ): """Fiyatın negatif olmadığından emin ol.""" if value < 0 : raise serializers.ValidationError( "Price cannot be negative." ) return value class ProductCreateSerializer (serializers.ModelSerializer): """Ürün oluşturmak için serializer.""" class Meta : model = Product fields = [ 'name' , 'description' , 'price' , 'stock' , 'category' ] def validate ( self, data ): """Birden fazla alan için özel validation.""" if data[ 'price' ] > 10000 and data[ 'stock' ] > 100 : raise serializers.ValidationError( "Cannot have high-value products with large stock." ) return data class UserRegistrationSerializer (serializers.ModelSerializer): """Kullanıcı kaydı için serializer.""" password = serializers.CharField( write_only= True , required= True , validators=[validate_password], style={ 'input_type' : 'password' } ) password_confirm = serializers.CharField(write_only= True , style={ 'input_type' : 'password' }) class Meta : model = User fields = [ 'email' , 'username' , 'password' , 'password_confirm' ] def validate ( self, data ): """Şifrelerin eşleştiğini doğrula.""" if data[ 'password' ] != data[ 'password_confirm' ]: raise serializers.ValidationError({ "password_confirm" : "Password fields didn't match." }) return data def create ( self, validated_data ): """Hash'lenmiş şifre ile kullanıcı oluştur.""" validated_data.pop( 'password_confirm' ) password = validated_data.pop( 'password' ) user = User.objects.create(**validated_data) user.set_password(password) user.save() return user ViewSet Desenleri from rest_framework import viewsets, status, filters from rest_framework.decorators import action from rest_framework.response import Response from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated, IsAdminUser from django_filters.rest_framework import DjangoFilterBackend from .models import Product from .serializers import ProductSerializer, ProductCreateSerializer from .permissions import IsOwnerOrReadOnly from .filters import ProductFilter from .services import ProductService class ProductViewSet (viewsets.ModelViewSet): """Product modeli için ViewSet.""" queryset = Product.objects.select_related( 'category' ).prefetch_related( 'tags' ) permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated, IsOwnerOrReadOnly] filter_backends = [DjangoFilterBackend, filters.SearchFilter, filters.OrderingFilter] filterset_class = ProductFilter search_fields = [ 'name' , 'description' ] ordering_fields = [ 'price' , 'created_at' , 'name' ] ordering = [ '-created_at' ] def get_serializer_class ( self ): """Action'a göre uygun serializer döndür.""" if self .action == 'create' : return ProductCreateSerializer return ProductSerializer def perform_create ( self, serializer ): """Kullanıcı bağlamı ile kaydet.""" serializer.save(created_by= self .request.user) @action( detail= False , methods=[ 'get' ] ) def featured ( self, request ): """Öne çıkan ürünleri döndür.""" featured = self .queryset. filter (is_featured= True )[: 10 ]